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Queen Victoria

Updated: Wikipedia source

Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was longer than those of any of her predecessors, constituted the Victorian era, a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Victoria attempted privately to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond jubilees were times of public celebration. Victoria died at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, at the age of 81. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII.

Infobox

Reign
1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901
Coronation
28 June 1838
Predecessor
Position established
Successor
Edward VII
Imperial Durbar
1 January 1877
Born
Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent(1819-05-24)24 May 1819Kensington Palace, London, England
Died
22 January 1901(1901-01-22) (aged 81)Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England
Burial
4 February 1901Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, Windsor
Spouse
mw- 1840; died 1861)
Issue
mw- Victoria, German Empress Edward VII Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
House
Hanover
Father
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Mother
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Religion
Protestant[a]

Tables

· Family › Issue
Victoria, Princess Royal
Victoria, Princess Royal
Name
Victoria, Princess Royal
Birth
1840 21 Nov
Death
1901 5 August
Spouse and children
Married 1858, Frederick, later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888);4 sons (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor), 4 daughters (including Queen Sophia of Greece)
Edward VII
Edward VII
Name
Edward VII
Birth
18419 Nov
Death
19106 May
Spouse and children
Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925);3 sons (including King George V of the United Kingdom), 3 daughters (including Queen Maud of Norway)
Princess Alice
Princess Alice
Name
Princess Alice
Birth
1843 25 April
Death
1878 14 Dec
Spouse and children
Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892);2 sons, 5 daughters (including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia)
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburgand Gotha
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburgand Gotha
Name
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburgand Gotha
Birth
18446 August
Death
190031 July
Spouse and children
Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920);2 sons (1 stillborn), 4 daughters (including Queen Marie of Romania)
Princess Helena
Princess Helena
Name
Princess Helena
Birth
184625 May
Death
19239 June
Spouse and children
Married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917);4 sons (1 stillborn), 2 daughters
Princess Louise
Princess Louise
Name
Princess Louise
Birth
184818 March
Death
19393 Dec
Spouse and children
Married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914);no issue
Prince Arthur,Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Prince Arthur,Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Name
Prince Arthur,Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Birth
18501 May
Death
1942 16 Jan
Spouse and children
Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917);1 son, 2 daughters (including Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden)
Prince Leopold,Duke of Albany
Prince Leopold,Duke of Albany
Name
Prince Leopold,Duke of Albany
Birth
18537 April
Death
188428 March
Spouse and children
Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922);1 son, 1 daughter
Princess Beatrice
Princess Beatrice
Name
Princess Beatrice
Birth
185714 April
Death
194426 Oct
Spouse and children
Married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896);3 sons, 1 daughter (Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain)
Name
Birth
Death
Spouse and children
Victoria, Princess Royal
1840 21 Nov
1901 5 August
Married 1858, Frederick, later German Emperor and King of Prussia (1831–1888);4 sons (including Wilhelm II, German Emperor), 4 daughters (including Queen Sophia of Greece)
Edward VII
18419 Nov
19106 May
Married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925);3 sons (including King George V of the United Kingdom), 3 daughters (including Queen Maud of Norway)
Princess Alice
1843 25 April
1878 14 Dec
Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892);2 sons, 5 daughters (including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia)
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburgand Gotha
18446 August
190031 July
Married 1874, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920);2 sons (1 stillborn), 4 daughters (including Queen Marie of Romania)
Princess Helena
184625 May
19239 June
Married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917);4 sons (1 stillborn), 2 daughters
Princess Louise
184818 March
19393 Dec
Married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914);no issue
Prince Arthur,Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
18501 May
1942 16 Jan
Married 1879, Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917);1 son, 2 daughters (including Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden)
Prince Leopold,Duke of Albany
18537 April
188428 March
Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922);1 son, 1 daughter
Princess Beatrice
185714 April
194426 Oct
Married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896);3 sons, 1 daughter (Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain)
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam IV
Preceded byWilliam IV
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Preceded byWilliam IV
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Queen of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Succeeded byEdward VII
VacantTitle last held byBahadur Shah II as Mughal emperor
VacantTitle last held byBahadur Shah II as Mughal emperor
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
VacantTitle last held byBahadur Shah II as Mughal emperor
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Empress of India 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901
Queen Victoria House of HanoverCadet branch of the House of WelfBorn: 24 May 1819 Died: 22 January 1901
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam IV
Queen of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 – 22 January 1901
Succeeded byEdward VII
VacantTitle last held byBahadur Shah II as Mughal emperor
Empress of India 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901

References

  1. As monarch, Victoria was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also aligned with the Church of Scotland.
  2. Her godparents were Tsar Alexander I of Russia (represented by her uncle Frederick, Duke of York), her uncle George, Pri
  3. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19509/page/1581
  4. Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29
  5. Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35
  6. Longford, p. 24
  7. Worsley, p. 41.
  8. Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81
  9. Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p. 126
  10. Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25
  11. Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in t
  12. Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65
  13. Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19
  14. Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91
  15. Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 74–75
  16. Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75
  17. "Children's Book Written by Queen Victoria Published After 185 Years"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/childrens-book-written-queen-victoria-published-after-185-years-n371591
  18. Hibbert, pp. 34–35
  19. Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102
  20. Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90
  21. Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp. 92, 102
  22. Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102
  23. Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105
  24. Hibbert, p. 42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21
  25. Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Woodham-Smith, p. 135
  26. Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353
  27. Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49
  28. Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49
  29. Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117
  30. Weintraub, pp. 43–49
  31. Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49
  32. Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119
  33. Victoria's journal, October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104
  34. Hibbert, p. 102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122
  35. Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65
  36. St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138
  37. Woodham-Smith, p. 140
  38. Packard, pp. 14–15
  39. Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p. 76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147
  40. Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–144
  41. Queen Victoria's Coronation 1838
    http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx
  42. St Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353
  43. Hibbert, p. 58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152
  44. Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96
  45. Marshall, p. 47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166
  46. Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, p. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164
  47. Victoria's journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Woodham-Smith, p. 162
  48. St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165
  49. Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167
  50. Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102
  51. Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180
  52. Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p. 358
  53. St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p. 169
  54. Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174
  55. Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52
  56. Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353
  57. Woodham-Smith, p. 175
  58. Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62
  59. Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp. 77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187
  60. Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205
  61. St Aubyn, p. 151
  62. Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256
  63. Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
  64. Charles, p. 23
  65. Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp. 160–161
  66. Woodham-Smith, p. 213
  67. Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220
  68. Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169
  69. Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377
  70. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36652
  71. Woodham-Smith, p. 100
  72. Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29
  73. Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp. 230–232
  74. Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163
  75. Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163
  76. Longford, p. 192
  77. St Aubyn, p. 164
  78. Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp. 221–222
  79. Woodham-Smith, p. 281
  80. Longford, p. 359
  81. The title of Maud Gonne's 1900 article upon Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland
  82. Famine Queen row in Irish port
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2951395.stm
  83. Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present
    https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1846&amount=2000&year_result=2022
  84. Private Responses to the Famine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031633/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812
  85. Longford, p. 181
  86. Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy
  87. St Aubyn, p. 215
  88. St Aubyn, p. 238
  89. Longford, pp. 175, 187; St Aubyn, pp. 238, 241; Woodham-Smith, pp. 242, 250
  90. Woodham-Smith, p. 248
  91. Hibbert, p. 198; Longford, p. 194; St Aubyn, p. 243; Woodham-Smith, pp. 282–284
  92. Hibbert, pp. 201–202; Marshall, p. 139; St Aubyn, pp. 222–223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290
  93. Hibbert, pp. 161–164; Marshall, p. 129; St Aubyn, pp. 186–190; Woodham-Smith, pp. 274–276
  94. Longford, pp. 196–197; St Aubyn, p. 223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290
  95. Longford, p. 191; Woodham-Smith, p. 297
  96. St Aubyn, p. 216
  97. Hibbert, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307
  98. Hibbert, pp. 204–209; Marshall, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307
  99. St Aubyn, pp. 255, 298
  100. Hibbert, pp. 216–217; St Aubyn, pp. 257–258
  101. Hibbert, pp. 217–220; Woodham-Smith, pp. 328–331
  102. Hibbert, pp. 227–228; Longford, pp. 245–246; St Aubyn, p. 297; Woodham-Smith, pp. 354–355
  103. Woodham-Smith, pp. 357–360
  104. Queen Victoria's Journals
    http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org
  105. 1855 visit of Queen Victoria
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130111200927/http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/the-significant-dates/most-important-dates/1855-visit-of-queen-victoria
  106. Queen Victoria in Paris
    https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/queen-victoria-in-paris/bowes-museum-barnard-castle
  107. Hibbert, pp. 241–242; Longford, pp. 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391
  108. Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117
  109. Napoleon III Receiving Queen Victoria at Cherbourg, 5 August 1858
    http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/12129.html
  110. Hibbert, p. 255; Marshall, p. 117
  111. Longford, pp. 259–260; Weintraub, pp. 326 ff.
  112. Longford, p. 263; Weintraub, pp. 326, 330
  113. Hibbert, p. 244
  114. Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
  115. Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
  116. Hibbert, pp. 265–267; St Aubyn, p. 318; Woodham-Smith, pp. 412–413
  117. Waller, p. 393; Weintraub, p. 401
  118. Hibbert, p. 274; Longford, p. 293; St Aubyn, p. 324; Woodham-Smith, p. 417
  119. Longford, p. 293; Marshall, p. 153; Strachey, p. 214
  120. Hibbert, pp. 276–279; St Aubyn, p. 325; Woodham-Smith, pp. 422–423
  121. Hibbert, pp. 280–292; Marshall, p. 154
  122. Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346
  123. St Aubyn, p. 343
  124. e.g. Strachey, p. 306
  125. The Spectator
    https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/
  126. Marshall, pp. 170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385
  127. Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404
  128. Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322
  129. Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362
  130. Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170
  131. Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362
  132. Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369
  133. St Aubyn, pp. 374–375
  134. Marshall, p. 199; Strachey, p. 299
  135. Hibbert, p. 318; Longford, p. 401; St Aubyn, p. 427; Strachey, p. 254
  136. Buckle, George Earle; Monypenny, W. F. (1910–1920) The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, vol. 5, p. 49, q
  137. Hibbert, p. 320; Strachey, pp. 246–247
  138. Longford, p. 381; St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248
  139. St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, pp. 248–250
  140. Longford, p. 385
  141. Hibbert, p. 343
  142. Hibbert, pp. 343–344; Longford, p. 389; Marshall, p. 173
  143. Hibbert, pp. 344–345
  144. Hibbert, p. 345; Longford, pp. 390–391; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 388
  145. Charles, p. 103; Hibbert, pp. 426–427; St Aubyn, pp. 388–389
  146. Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Trial of Arthur O'Connor. (t18720408-352, 8 April 1872).
    https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/t18720408-352
  147. Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389
  148. Hibbert, pp. 249–250; Woodham-Smith, pp. 384–385
  149. Woodham-Smith, p. 386
  150. Hibbert, p. 251; Woodham-Smith, p. 386
  151. St Aubyn, p. 335
  152. Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. 180–184; Waller, p. 423
  153. Hibbert, pp. 295–296; Waller, p. 423
  154. Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, pp. 405–406; Marshall, p. 184; St Aubyn, p. 434; Waller, p. 426
  155. Waller, p. 427
  156. Victoria's diary and letters quoted in Longford, p. 425
  157. Victoria quoted in Longford, p. 426
  158. Longford, pp. 412–413
  159. Longford, p. 426
  160. Longford, p. 411
  161. Hibbert, pp. 367–368; Longford, p. 429; Marshall, p. 186; St Aubyn, pp. 442–444; Waller, pp. 428–429
  162. Letter from Victoria to Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton, quoted in Hibbert, p. 369
  163. Longford, p. 437
  164. Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 422
  165. Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 421
  166. Hibbert, pp. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278
  167. Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421
  168. Longford, pp. 451–452
  169. Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443
  170. Hibbert, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. 425–426
  171. Hibbert, pp. 443–444; Longford, p. 455
  172. Hibbert, p. 444; St Aubyn, p. 424; Waller, p. 413
  173. Longford, p. 461
  174. Longford, pp. 477–478
  175. Hibbert, p. 373; St Aubyn, p. 458
  176. Waller, p. 433; see also Hibbert, pp. 370–371 and Marshall, pp. 191–193
  177. Hibbert, p. 373; Longford, p. 484
  178. Hibbert, p. 374; Longford, p. 491; Marshall, p. 196; St Aubyn, pp. 460–461
  179. St Aubyn, pp. 460–461
  180. Queen Victoria
    http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx
  181. Marshall, pp. 210–211; St Aubyn, pp. 491–493
  182. Longford, p. 502
  183. Hibbert, pp. 447–448; Longford, p. 508; St Aubyn, p. 502; Waller, p. 441
  184. Queen Victoria's Urdu workbook on show
    https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054
  185. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/
  186. Hibbert, pp. 448–449
  187. Hibbert, pp. 449–451
  188. Hibbert, p. 447; Longford, p. 539; St Aubyn, p. 503; Waller, p. 442
  189. Hibbert, p. 454
  190. Hibbert, p. 382
  191. Hibbert, p. 375; Longford, p. 519
  192. Hibbert, p. 376; Longford, p. 530; St Aubyn, p. 515
  193. Hibbert, p. 377
  194. Hibbert, p. 456
  195. Longford, p. 546; St Aubyn, pp. 545–546
  196. Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548
  197. The War That Ended Peace
  198. Hibbert, pp. 457–458; Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548
  199. Hibbert, p. 436; St Aubyn, p. 508
  200. Hibbert, pp. 437–438; Longford, pp. 554–555; St Aubyn, p. 555
  201. Longford, p. 558
  202. Hibbert, pp. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442
  203. Victoria's journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592
  204. Her personal physician Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492
  205. Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion
  206. Longford, pp. 561–562; St Aubyn, p. 598
  207. Hibbert, p. 497; Longford, p. 563
  208. St Aubyn, p. 598
  209. Longford, p. 563
  210. Hibbert, p. 498
  211. Longford, p. 565; St Aubyn, p. 600
  212. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html
  213. Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
  214. Fulford, Roger (1967) "Victoria", Collier's Encyclopedia, United States: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan Inc., vol. 23, p
  215. Ashley, Mike (1998) British Monarchs, London: Robinson, ISBN 1-84119-096-9, p. 690
  216. Example from a letter written by lady-in-waiting Marie Mallet née Adeane, quoted in Hibbert, p. 471
  217. Hibbert, p. xv; St Aubyn, p. 340
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