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Iraq War

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Iraq War

The Iraq War (Arabic: حرب العراق, romanized: ḥarb al-ʿirāq), also referred to as the Second Gulf War, was a prolonged conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion by a United States–led coalition, which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict persisted as an insurgency that arose against coalition forces and the newly established Iraqi government. US forces were officially withdrawn in 2011. In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve, as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency. The Iraq invasion was part of the Bush administration's broader war on terror, launched in response to the September 11 attacks. In October 2002, the US Congress passed a bipartisan resolution granting Bush authority to use military force against Iraq. The war began on March 20, 2003, when the US, joined by the UK, Australia, and Poland, initiated a "shock and awe" bombing campaign. Coalition forces launched a ground invasion, defeating Iraqi forces and toppling the Ba'athist regime. Saddam Hussein was captured in 2003 and executed in 2006. The fall of Saddam's regime created a power vacuum, which, along with the Coalition Provisional Authority's mismanagement, fueled a sectarian civil war between Iraq's Shia majority and Sunni minority, and contributed to a lengthy insurgency. In response, the US deployed an additional 170,000 troops during the 2007 troop surge, which helped stabilize parts of the country. In 2008, Bush agreed to withdraw US combat troops, a process completed in 2011 under President Barack Obama. The primary rationale for the invasion centered around false claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that Saddam Hussein was supporting al-Qaeda. The 9/11 Commission concluded in 2004 that there was no credible evidence linking Saddam to al-Qaeda, and no WMD stockpiles were found in Iraq. These false claims faced widespread criticism, in the US and abroad. Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the United Nations, declared the invasion illegal under international law, as it violated the UN Charter. The 2016 Chilcot Report, a British inquiry, concluded the war was unnecessary, as peaceful alternatives had not been fully explored. Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005, and Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006, a position he held until 2014. His government's policies alienated Iraq's Sunni minority, exacerbating sectarian tensions. The war led to an estimated 150,000 to over a million deaths, including over 100,000 civilians, with most occurring during the post-invasion insurgency and civil war. The war had lasting geopolitical effects, including the emergence of the extremist Islamic State, whose rise led to the 2013–17 War in Iraq. The war damaged the US' international reputation, and Bush's popularity declined. UK prime minister Tony Blair's support for the war diminished his standing, contributing to his resignation in 2007.

Infobox

Date
20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011(8 years, 8 months and 28 days)
Location
Iraq
Result
See § Aftermath

Tables

· Casualties › Casualty estimates
Iraq Family Health Survey
Iraq Family Health Survey
Source
Iraq Family Health Survey
Iraqi casualties
151,000 violent deaths
March 2003 to ...
June 2006
Lancet survey
Lancet survey
Source
Lancet survey
Iraqi casualties
601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths
March 2003 to ...
June 2006
PLOS Medicine Study
PLOS Medicine Study
Source
PLOS Medicine Study
Iraqi casualties
460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from the conflict
March 2003 to ...
June 2011
Opinion Research Business survey
Opinion Research Business survey
Source
Opinion Research Business survey
Iraqi casualties
1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict
March 2003 to ...
August 2007
Iraqi Health Ministry
Iraqi Health Ministry
Source
Iraqi Health Ministry
Iraqi casualties
87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issuedDeaths prior to January 2005 unrecordedMinistry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented.
March 2003 to ...
January 2005 toFebruary 2009
Associated Press
Associated Press
Source
Associated Press
Iraqi casualties
110,600 violent deathsHealth Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04
March 2003 to ...
April 2009
Iraq Body Count
Iraq Body Count
Source
Iraq Body Count
Iraqi casualties
105,052–114,731 violent civilian deathscompiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reportsOver 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths
March 2003 to ...
January 2012
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs
Source
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs
Iraqi casualties
109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths
March 2003 to ...
January 2004 toDecember 2009
Source
Iraqi casualties
March 2003 to ...
Iraq Family Health Survey
151,000 violent deaths
June 2006
Lancet survey
601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths
June 2006
PLOS Medicine Study
460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from the conflict
June 2011
Opinion Research Business survey
1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict
August 2007
Iraqi Health Ministry
87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issuedDeaths prior to January 2005 unrecordedMinistry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented.
January 2005 toFebruary 2009
Associated Press
110,600 violent deathsHealth Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04
April 2009
Iraq Body Count
105,052–114,731 violent civilian deathscompiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reportsOver 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths
January 2012
WikiLeaks. Classified Iraq War Logs
109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths
January 2004 toDecember 2009

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  458. "Multi-National Force – Iraq – Additional Soldier charged with murder"
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  459. The Nation
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  460. The Independent
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  461. The Washington Post
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  462. The Sydney Morning Herald
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  463. Iraq bombing toll rises. The Age 2 July 2006
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  464. A Face and a Name. Civilian Victims of Insurgent Groups in Iraq Archived 2 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Human
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  465. The Weapons That Kill Civilians – Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008 by Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, M.
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  466. NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
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  467. "Kidnappers Kill Algerian Diplomats"
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  468. BBC News
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  469. BBC News
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  470. Alex Rodriguez, Iraqi shrine blast suspect caught Archived 2 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine (paid archive), The Chica
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  471. "Insurgents kill Bulgarian hostage: Al-Jazeera"
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  472. "Foreign hostages in Iraq"
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  473. The Washington Post
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  474. The New York Times
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  475. BBC News
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  476. "Iraq: Torture Continues at Hands of New Government"
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  477. The New York Times
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  478. Reuters
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  479. "Studies: Suicide bombers in Iraq are mostly foreigners"
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  480. The Washington Post
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  481. See also: Hafez, Mohammed M. Suicide Bomber in Iraq. United States Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 1601270046.
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  483. "Iran involvement suspected in Karbala compound attack"
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  484. Time
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  485. "This Iran-backed militia helped save Iraq from ISIS. Now Washington wants them to disband". pbs.org. Accessed 9 April 2
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  486. Middle East Institute
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  487. www.washingtoninstitute.org
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  488. www.ipsnews.net
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  489. www.pbs.org
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  490. fletcher.tufts.edu
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  492. "Doug Feith: Israel didn't push for Iraq War"
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  493. Haaretz
  494. The Washington Post
  495. "Israeli Perspective on Conflict with Iraq"
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  496. Conflict With Iraq: An Israeli Perspective – Hearing Before the Committee on Government Reform of the United States House of Representatives One Hundred Seventh Congress Second Session
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  497. The New York Times
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  498. "Sharon Warned Bush"
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  499. NBC News
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  500. CNN
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  501. The Independent
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  502. "Poll: Talk First, Fight Later". CBS.com, 24 January 2003. Retrieved on 23 April 2007.
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  504. The Independent
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  505. "Dubya's Fellow Travellers: Left Intellectuals and Mr. Bush's War"
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  506. London Review of Books
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  507. El País
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  508. "World View of U.S. Role Goes from Bad to Worse"
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  509. BBC News
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  510. "Guardian July Poll"
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  511. "Four Years Later: Arab Opinion Troubled by Consequences of Iraq War"
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  512. Pew Global Attitudes Project
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  516. Iraq Poll conducted by D3 Systems for the BBC, ABC News, ARD German TV and USA Today. More than 2,000 people were questi
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  517. Iraqis Oppose Oil Development Plans, Poll Finds (6 August 2007) (Oil Change International, Institute for Policy Studies,
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  518. BBC
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  519. VOA
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