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Hanukkah

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Hanukkah

Hanukkah (IPA: ; Hebrew: חֲנֻכָּה, romanized: Ḥănukkā, lit. 'dedication', ) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE, when the Maccabees successfully recovered Jerusalem and the Second Temple. Beginning on the 25th of Kislev on the Hebrew calendar, Hanukkah lasts for eight nights and days. Each night is marked by lighting a Hanukkah menorah, a nine-branched candelabrum containing spaces for eight ceremonial lights plus one additional candle, the shámash (שַׁמָּשׁ, 'attendant'), which is used to light the others. Aside from the shamash, one candle is lit on the first night, two on the second, and so on, until all eight are burning together on the final night. It is the only Jewish holiday that starts in one month (Kislev) and concludes in another (Tevet) of the Hebrew calendar. Common practices on Hanukkah include certain Jewish prayers; indulging in Hanukkah music; playing the game of dreidel; and consuming fried food and dairy products, such as latke and sufganiyot. Since the 1970s, the Chabad movement within Hasidic Judaism has organized community-wide lightings of public menorahs in locales around the world. Originally instituted as a feast "like the days of the festival of Sukkot" (2 Maccabees 10:9), it does not entail the corresponding obligations and is therefore a relatively minor holiday in strictly religious terms. Nevertheless, Hanukkah has attained major cultural significance in the Western world and elsewhere, especially among secular Jews, as it often falls during the Christmas and holiday season. Among American Jews, this chronological proximity also contributed to the seasonal gift-giving practice.

Infobox

Official name
חֲנֻכָּה‎ or חֲנוּכָּה‎[a] (lit. 'Dedication [of the Temple in Jerusalem]')
Observed by
Rabbinic Jews
Type
Jewish
Significance
Commemoration of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–141 BCE)Tractate Shabbat 21b:10 of the Talmud: Chazal taught that the Second Temple was cleansed and the Temple menorah lit with only one day's worth of pure olive oil, yet it miraculously burned for eight days
Celebrations
Lighting candles each night. Singing special songs, such as Ma'oz Tzur. Reciting the Hallel during Shaḥarit. Eating food fried in oil, such as latkes and sufganiyot, and dairy foods. Playing the dreidel game, and giving Hanukkah gelt.
Begins
25 Kislev
Ends
2 Tevet[b] or 3 Tevet[c]
Date
8 of the 9 days: 25 Kislev, 26 Kislev, 27 Kislev, 28 Kislev, 29 Kislev, sometimes 30 Kislev[b], 1 Tevet, 2 Tevet, and sometimes 3 Tevet[c]
2024 date
Sunset, 25 December –nightfall, 2 January
2025 date
Sunset, 14 December –nightfall, 22 December
2026 date
Sunset, 4 December –nightfall, 12 December
2027 date
Sunset, 24 December –nightfall, 1 January
Related to
Purim, Day of Salvation and Liberation as a rabbinically decreed holiday.
Frequency
Annual

Tables

Ashkenazi version: · Rituals › Blessings over the candles › <i>Hanerot Halalu</i>
הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ.
הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ.
Hebrew
הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ.
Transliteration
Hanneirot hallalu she'anu madlikin 'al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot ve'al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot, she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim bazzeman hazeh, 'al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim. Vekhol-shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim, ve-ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam bilvad, kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol 'al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha.
English
We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders, for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers, in those days at this season, through your holy priests. During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are sacred, and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles, Your wonders and Your salvations.
Hebrew
Transliteration
English
הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁאָנוּ מַדְלִיקִין, עַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַנִּפְלָאוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת, שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה, עַל יְדֵי כֹּהֲנֶיךָ הַקְּדוֹשִׁים. וְכָל שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי הַחֲנֻכָּה הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ קֹדֶשׁ הֵם וְאֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, אֶלָּא לִרְאוֹתָם בִּלְבָד, כְּדֵי לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל עַל נִסֶּיךָ וְעַל נִפְלְאוֹתֶיךָ וְעַל יְשׁוּעָתֶךָ.
Hanneirot hallalu she'anu madlikin 'al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot ve'al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot, she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim bazzeman hazeh, 'al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim. Vekhol-shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim, ve-ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam bilvad, kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol 'al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha.
We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders, for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers, in those days at this season, through your holy priests. During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are sacred, and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles, Your wonders and Your salvations.

References

  1. See ktiv hasar niqqud for the different variations in the Hebrew spelling.
  2. In years in which Kislev has 30 days
  3. In years in which Kislev has only 29 days
  4. Usually spelled חֲנוּכָּה‎, pronounced [χanuˈka] in Modern Hebrew, [ˈχanukə] or [ˈχanikə] in Yiddish; a transliteration
  5. Its use in transliteration of Hebrew into English is based on influences of Yiddish and German, particularly since trans
  6. Some omit the preposition שֶׁל (shel; 'of'), making the meaning rather "the Hanukkah light[s]"
  7. Talmud, b. Shabbat 21b:10
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  106. "How to Celebrate Chanukah"
    https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/603798/jewish/Chanukah-Guide.htm
  107. Shulchan Aruch OC 672:1, as understood by the Magen Avraham and others.
  108. "Some Light Chanukah Questions"
    http://rabbikaganoff.com/some-light-chanukah-questions/
  109. "CTI Laws and Customs of Chanukah"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170101233032/https://sites.google.com/site/tiferetisraelorg/our-rabbi/halacha-tidbits/ctilawsandcustomsofchanukah-december16-232014
  110. "What to do on Chanukah"
    https://njop.org/resources/holidays/complete-guide-to-holidays/chanukah/what-to-do-on-chanukah/
  111. Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676:1–2
  112. "The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs"
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/laws/
  113. Celebrate!: The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KZJFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255
  114. Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676:4
  115. "Maoz Tzur: Translation & Explanation – Jewish Holidays"
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/maoz_tzur_translation_etc/
  116. My Jewish Learning
    https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/maoz-tzur-rock-of-ages/
  117. The Mercury News
    https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/12/07/hanukkah-ushers-in-tzedakah-a-religious-obligation-to-do-what-is-right-and-just/
  118. "The Fifth Night Project: Teaching Giving During Hanukkah"
    https://www.kveller.com/the-fifth-night-project-teaching-giving-during-hanukkah/
  119. New Era Illustrated Magazine
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CHwpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA621
  120. Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 682:1
  121. "Chanukah with Torah Tidbits"
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/chanukah_with_torah_tidbits/
  122. "Al Hanisim: Concerning the Miracles"
    https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/al-hanisim-concerning-the-miracles/
  123. Psalm 113–118
    https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b3.htm#1
  124. OU Torah
    https://www.ou.org/torah/halacha/hashoneh-halachos/tues_02_07_12/
  125. www.torahmusings.com
    https://www.torahmusings.com/2010/12/chanuka-lighting-in-shul/
  126. "The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070528035707/http://customerservant.com/2006/12/16/the-scroll-of-the-hasmoneans/
  127. aishcom
    http://www.aish.com/h/c/t/sg/286646391.html
  128. www.aish.com
    https://www.aish.com/atr/Final-Judgment-on-Chanukah.html
  129. "Chanukah – Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel"
    https://bussongs.com/songs/dreidel-dreidel-dreidel
  130. "Oh Chanukah (Jewish Traditional) sheet music for Trombone"
    https://www.8notes.com/scores/14871.asp
  131. Behadrey Haredim
    http://www.bhol.co.il/news/742083
  132. Hanukkah in America: A History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ISIrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42
  133. The Post and Courier
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150105131943/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20111218/ARCHIVES/312189902
  134. Southern Jewish History
  135. "Chanukah is upon us"
    http://www.pjvoice.com/v7/7900food.html
  136. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/dining/13hanukkahqa.html
  137. thejc.com
    https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/food/why-israel-is-a-latke-free-zone-1.13067
  138. The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey
  139. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/Arts-and-Culture/Love-me-dough
  140. "Why All the Oil and Cheese (and Potatoes)?"
    https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/103095/jewish/Why-All-the-Oil-and-Cheese.htm
  141. Chabad.org
    https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/103019/jewish/The-Story-of-Yehudit.htm
  142. Mishna Berurah 670:2:10
  143. Eat and be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ld7fuK6peH8C
  144. "B'Tayavon! This Hanukkah treat hails from India | Jewish News"
    https://jewishnewsva.org/btayavon-this-hanukkah-treat-hails-from-india/
  145. My Jewish Learning
    https://forward.com/scribe/356515/8-foods-you-didnt-know-jews-eat-during-hanukkah/
  146. "The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel"
    https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-origin-of-the-dreidel/
  147. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-gyration-nation-the-weird-ancient-history-of-the-dreidel-1.5344849
  148. "Why Do We Give Hanukkah Gelt and Hanukkah Presents?"
    https://www.schechter.edu/why-do-we-give-hanukkah-gelt-and-hanukkah-presents/
  149. Dvarim Hayotzim Min Halev
    http://download.yutorah.org/2015/1083/846556/d-varim-hayotzim-min-halev-miketz.pdf
  150. Chabad.org
    https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5745352/jewish/National-Menorah-in-Washington-DC-Lights-Up-the-Nation.htm
  151. "Israeli-American Hanukkah Stamp"
    http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfa-archive/1996/pages/israeli-american%20hanukkah%20stamp.aspx
  152. "Stamp Announcement 09-47: Hanukkah"
    https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2009/pb22267/html/info1_005.htm
  153. "From the Archives: Hanukkah at the White House"
    https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/12/05/archives-hanukkah-white-house
  154. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/hand-in-hand-schools-menorah-lights-up-white-house-hanukkah-party/
  155. Forward.com
    https://forward.com/opinion/211168/a-most-inspiring-hanukkah-at-the-white-house/
  156. Huffington Post
    https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-joel-hoffman/hanukkah-and-thanskgiving_b_4312207.html
  157. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Thanksgivukka-Please-pass-the-turkey-stuffed-doughnuts-331952
  158. "How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time"
    https://www.buzzfeed.com/christinebyrne/thanksgivukkah
  159. "Thanks for Thanukkah!"
    https://www.philly.com/philly/news/20131011_Thanks_for_Thanukkah_.html
  160. Chabad.org
    https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/789857/jewish/Chanukah-FAQs.htm#q6
  161. Jewish Holidays
    https://www.ou.org/holidays/hallel/
  162. Conforti 2012, p. 159.
  163. Zion & Spectre 2000, p. 13.
  164. Conforti 2012, p. 158–159, "Jewish nationalism and Zionism breathed new life into the Jewish holidays. The traditional J
  165. Zion & Spectre 2000, p. 12, "The rabbinic religious tradition - in so far as it recalled the Hasmoneans at all - emphasi
  166. Mi Yodeya
    https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/138758/what-is-the-origin-of-al-ha-nissim-for-hanukka
  167. Conforti 2012, p. 160ps:"Schools in the Yishuv as well as adults followed the tradition of visiting the tombs of the Mac
  168. Rereading Israel: The Spirit of the Matter
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HAG5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152
  169. Nationalism, Zionism and Ethnic Mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and Beyond
    https://books.google.com/books?id=V1ueQ2-5siUC&pg=PA244
  170. "Reinventing Hanukkah: The Israeli Politics of the Maccabean Holiday"
    https://hartman.org.il/Blogs_View.asp?Article_Id=1047
  171. The Economic Journal
    https://web.stanford.edu/~leinav/pubs/EJ2010.pdf
  172. My Jewish Learning
    https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-american-style/
  173. Hanukkah in America : a history
    http://archive.org/details/hanukkahinameric0000asht
  174. "Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115217/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf
  175. The Times of Israel
    https://www.timesofisrael.com/since-the-1800s-hanukkah-in-the-us-is-a-response-to-xmas/
  176. "Hanukkah Gifts"
    https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hanukkah-gifts/
  177. Choosing a Jewish Life: A Handbook for People Converting to Judaism and for Their Family and Friends
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