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Edward VI

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Edward VI

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. The only surviving son of Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour, Edward was the first English monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a regency council because Edward never reached maturity. The council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1550–1553). Edward's reign was marked by many economic problems and social unrest that in 1549 erupted into riot and rebellion. An expensive war with Scotland, at first successful, ended with military withdrawal from Scotland and Boulogne-sur-Mer in exchange for peace. The transformation of the Church of England into a recognisably Protestant body also occurred under Edward, who took great interest in religious matters. His father, Henry VIII, had severed the link between the English Church and Rome but continued to uphold most Catholic doctrine and ceremony. During Edward's reign, Protestantism was established for the first time in England, with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass and the imposition of compulsory English in church services. In 1553, at age 15, Edward fell ill. When his sickness was discovered to be terminal, he and his council drew up a "Devise for the Succession" to prevent the country's return to Catholicism. Edward named his Protestant first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir, excluding his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. This decision was disputed following Edward's death, and Jane was deposed by Mary—the elder of the two half-sisters—nine days after becoming queen. Mary, a Catholic, reversed Edward's Protestant reforms during her reign, but after her, Elizabeth restored them in 1559.

Infobox

Reign
28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553
Coronation
20 February 1547
Predecessor
Henry VIII
Successor
Jane (disputed) or Mary I
Regents
Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset (1547–1549)John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1550–1553)
Born
12 October 1537Hampton Court Palace, Middlesex, England
Died
6 July 1553 (aged 15)Greenwich Palace, England
Burial
8 August 1553Westminster Abbey
House
Tudor
Father
Henry VIII of England
Mother
Jane Seymour
Religion
Church of England

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry VIII
Preceded byHenry VIII
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Preceded byHenry VIII
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
King of England and Ireland 1547–1553
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Succeeded byJane or Mary I
Peerage of England
Peerage of England
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Peerage of England
VacantTitle last held byHenry VIII
VacantTitle last held byHenry VIII
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
VacantTitle last held byHenry VIII
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Prince of Wales 1537–1547
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
VacantTitle next held byHenry Frederick
VacantTitle last held byHenry Tudor(first son of Henry VIII)
VacantTitle last held byHenry Tudor(first son of Henry VIII)
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
VacantTitle last held byHenry Tudor(first son of Henry VIII)
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Duke of Cornwall 1537–1547
Edward VI House of TudorBorn: 12 October 1537 Died: 6 July 1553
Regnal titles
Preceded byHenry VIII
King of England and Ireland 1547–1553
Succeeded byJane or Mary I
Peerage of England
VacantTitle last held byHenry VIII
Prince of Wales 1537–1547
VacantTitle next held byHenry Frederick
VacantTitle last held byHenry Tudor(first son of Henry VIII)
Duke of Cornwall 1537–1547

References

  1. Henry VIII had replaced the style "Lord of Ireland" with "King of Ireland" in 1541; Edward also maintained the English c
  2. A fever recurring about every four days, today usually associated with malaria.
  3. Edward was also ill in 1550 and "of the measles and the smallpox" in 1552.
  4. For example, he read biblical texts, Cato, Aesop's Fables and Vives's Satellitium Vivis, which were written for his sist
  5. Mary and Elizabeth remained technically illegitimate, succeeding to the crown due to Henry's nomination. They could lose
  6. Such portraits were modelled on Hans Holbein the Younger's depiction of Henry VIII for a wall-painting at Whitehall in 1
  7. This miniature, formerly attributed to Hans Holbein the Younger and one of several versions derived from the same patter
  8. "His detailed reports to his master are a hideous record of fire and bloodshed, chronicled in the most factual and lacon
  9. The existence of a council of executors alongside the Privy Council was rationalised in March when the two became one, i
  10. In 1549, Paget was to remind Seymour: "Remember what you promised me in the gallery at Westminster before the breath was
  11. Uncles of the king had been made Protector in 1422 and 1483 during the minorities of Henry VI and Edward V (though not a
  12. In 1549, William Paget described him as king in all but name.
  13. For example, in Hereford, a man was recorded as saying that "by the king's proclamation all enclosures were to be broken
  14. Some proclamations expressed sympathy for the victims of enclosure and announced action; some condemned the destruction
  15. One of the grievances of the western prayer-book rebels in 1549 was that the new service seemed "like a Christmas game".
  16. Notable among the new bishops were John Ponet, who succeeded Gardiner at Winchester, Myles Coverdale at Exeter, and John
  17. "The Prayer Book of 1552, the Ordinal of 1550, which it took over, the act of uniformity which made the Prayer Book the
  18. Edward approved the Forty-two Articles in June 1553, too late for them to be introduced—they later became the basis of E
  19. In case there were no male heirs at the time of his death, England should have no king, but the Duchess of Suffolk shoul
  20. By the logic of the devise, Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, Jane's mother and Henry VIII's niece, should have been nam
  21. The article follows the majority of historians in using the term "Protestant" for the Church of England as it stood by t
  22. Scarisbrick 1971, pp. 548–549, and Lydon 1998, p. 119.
  23. "5 Fascinating Facts about King Henry VIII's son, King Edward VI"
    http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2018/3/11/5-fascinating-facts-about-king-henry-viiis-son-king-edward-vi#.XdR7c3dFz4g
  24. Foister 2006, p. 100.
  25. Loach 1999, p. 4.
  26. Hugh Latimer, bishop of Worcester, quoted by Erickson 1978, p. 181.
  27. Loach 1999, pp. 5–6.
  28. Erickson 1978, p. 182.
  29. Skidmore 2007, p. 20.
  30. Strong 1969, p. 92; Hearn 1995, p. 50.
  31. "Royal Collection Trust"
    https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/404441/edward-vi-1537-53
  32. Loach 1999, p. 8.
  33. e.g.: Elton 1977, p. 372; Loach 1999, p. 161; MacCulloch 2002, p. 21.
  34. Skidmore 2007, p. 27.
  35. Skidmore 2007, pp. 33, 177, 223–234, 260.
  36. Skidmore 2007, p. 22; Jordan 1968, pp. 37–38.
  37. Skidmore 2007, p. 23; Jordan 1968, pp. 38–39.
  38. Loach 1999, pp. 9–11.
  39. Loach 1999, pp. 11–12; Jordan 1968, p. 42.
  40. Jordan 1968, p. 40; MacCulloch 2002, p. 8.
  41. Loach 1999, pp. 13–16; MacCulloch 2002, pp. 26–30.
  42. Skidmore 2007, p. 38.
  43. Skidmore 2007, p. 26.
  44. Skidmore 2007, pp. 38–37; Loach 1999, p. 16.
  45. Mackie 1952, pp. 413–414; Guy 1988, p. 196.
  46. Ives 2009, pp. 142–143; Loades 1996, p. 231.
  47. Starkey 2004, p. 720.
  48. Skidmore 2007, p. 34.
  49. Skidmore 2007, pp. 28–29.
  50. Jordan 1968, p. 44.
  51. Skidmore 2007, pp. 35–36.
  52. Skidmore 2007, p. 36; Strong 1969, p. 92.
  53. Loach 1999, pp. 53–54 see Jordan 1966 for full text
  54. Strong 1969, pp. 92–93; Rowlands 1985, pp. 235–236.
  55. Skidmore 2007, p. 30.
  56. Wormald 2001, p. 58.
  57. Wormald 2001, p. 59.
  58. Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol 2, part 2, (1822), 507–509, 'tua effigies ad vivum expressa.'
  59. Jordan 1968, pp. 51–52; Loades 2004, p. 28.
  60. Loach 1999, p. 29.
  61. Jordan 1968, p. 52.
  62. Loades 2009, p. 207.
  63. Loach 1999, pp. 30–38.
  64. Jordan 1968, pp. 65–66; Loach 1999, pp. 35–37.
  65. Loach 1999, p. 33.
  66. Skidmore 2007, p. 59.
  67. Skidmore 2007, p. 61; MacCulloch 2002, p. 62.
  68. Jordan 1968, p. 67.
  69. Jordan 1968, pp. 65–69; Loach 1999, pp. 29–38.
  70. Aston 1993; Loach 1999, p. 187; Hearn 1995, p. 75–76.
  71. Loach 1999, pp. 17–18; Jordan 1968, p. 56.
  72. Starkey 2002, pp. 130–145.
  73. Starkey 2002, pp. 130–145; Elton 1977, pp. 330–331.
  74. In Defence of the Church Catholic: the Life of Stephen Gardiner
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00014862
  75. Loach 1999, pp. 19–25.
  76. Starkey 2002, p. 142, describing this distribution of benefits as typical of "the shameless back-scratching of the allia
  77. Starkey 2002, pp. 138–139; Alford 2002, p. 69.
  78. MacCulloch 2002, p. 7; Alford 2002, p. 65.
  79. Starkey 2002, pp. 138–139; Alford 2002, p. 67.
  80. Loach 1999, pp. 26–27; Elton 1962, p. 203.
  81. Quoted in Guy 1988, p. 211.
  82. Alford 2002, pp. 67–68.
  83. Alford 2002, pp. 49–50, 91–92; Elton 1977, p. 333.
  84. Alford 2002, p. 70; Jordan 1968, pp. 73–75.
  85. Elton 1977, pp. 334, 338.
  86. Alford 2002, p. 66.
  87. Jordan 1968, pp. 69, 76–77; Skidmore 2007, pp. 63–65
  88. Elton 1977, p. 333.
  89. Loades 2004, pp. 33–34; Elton 1977, p. 333.
  90. Loades 2004, p. 34.
  91. Elton 1977, pp. 333, 346.
  92. Loades 2004, p. 36.
  93. Loades 2004, pp. 36–37; Brigden 2000, p. 182.
  94. Erickson 1978, p. 234.
  95. Somerset 1997, p. 23.
  96. Loades 2004, pp. 37–38.
  97. Alford 2002, pp. 91–97.
  98. Brigden 2000, p. 183; MacCulloch 2002, p. 42.
  99. Mackie 1952, p. 484.
  100. Mackie 1952, p. 485.
  101. Wormald 2001, p. 62; Loach 1999, pp. 52–53.
  102. Brigden 2000, p. 183.
  103. Elton 1977, pp. 340–41.
  104. Loach 1999, pp. 70–83.
  105. Elton 1977, pp. 347–350; Loach 1999, pp. 66–67, 86.
  106. Loach 1999, pp. 60–61, 66–68, 89; Elton 1962, p. 207.
  107. Loach 1999, pp. 61–66.
  108. MacCulloch 2002, pp. 49–51; Dickens 1967, p. 310.
  109. "Their aim was not to bring down government, but to help it correct the faults of local magistrates and identify the way
  110. Loach 1999, p. 85.
  111. Elton 1977, p. 350.
  112. Loach 1999, p. 87.
  113. Brigden 2000, p. 192.
  114. Quoted in Loach 1999, p. 91. By "Newhaven" is meant Ambleteuse, near Boulogne.
  115. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
    https://doi.org/10.2307/4048314
  116. Guy 1988, pp. 212–215; Loach 1999, pp. 101–102.
  117. Loach 1999, p. 102.
  118. MacCulloch 2002, p. 104; Dickens 1967, p. 279.
  119. Elton 1977, p. 333n; Alford 2002, p. 65. A. F. Pollard had taken this line in the early 20th century, echoed later by Ed
  120. Elton 1977, pp. 334–350.
  121. Hoak 1980, pp. 31–32; MacCulloch 2002, p. 42.
  122. Alford 2002, p. 25; Hoak 1980, pp. 42, 51.
  123. Loach 1999, p. 92.
  124. Brigden 2000, p. 193.
  125. Elton 1977, p. 351.
  126. Guy 1988, p. 213; Hoak 1980, pp. 38–39. Hoak explains that the office of Lord President gave its holder the right to cre
  127. Elton 1977, pp. 350–352.
  128. Alford 2002, p. 157.
  129. Alford 2002, pp. 162–165.
  130. Alford 2002, p. 162.
  131. Alford 2002, pp. 165–166.
  132. Elton 1977, pp. 354, 371.
  133. Loach 1999, p. 94.
  134. Hoak 1980, pp. 36–37.
  135. Guy 1988, p. 215.
  136. Guy 1988, pp. 218–219; Loach 1999, p. 108 Edward sent Elisabeth a "fair diamond" from Catherine Parr's collection.
  137. Carroll 2009, p. 55.
  138. Loach 1999, p. 113; MacCulloch 2002, p. 55.
  139. Elton 1977, p. 355; Loach 1999, p. 105.
  140. Elton 1977, p. 355.
  141. Loach 1999, p. 110; Hoak 1980, p. 41.
  142. Elton 1977, p. 356.
  143. Elton 1977, pp. 357–358.
  144. MacCulloch 2002, p. 56.
  145. MacCulloch, The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603, 1990, p. 45
  146. Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
    http://www.jstor.org/stable/42974114
  147. Dickens 1967, pp. 287–293.
  148. Elton 1962, pp. 204–205; MacCulloch 2002, p. 8.
  149. Elton 1962, p. 210.
  150. Haigh 1993, pp. 169–171; Elton 1962, p. 210; Guy 1988, p. 219; Loades 2004, p. 135; Skidmore 2007, pp. 286–287.
  151. Mackie 1952, p. 524; Elton 1977, p. 354.
  152. Brigden 2000, p. 180; Skidmore 2007, p. 6.
  153. MacCulloch 2002, p. 14.
  154. Loach 1999, pp. 180–181, pointing out, following Jordan, that Edward's Chronicle records nothing of his religious views
  155. Brigden 2000, pp. 180–181.
  156. Elton 1977, p. 345.
  157. Brigden 2000, p. 190; Haigh 1993, p. 174; Dickens 1967, p. 305.
  158. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-myth-of-bloody-mary
  159. Brigden 2000, pp. 188–189.
  160. Mackie 1952, p. 517; Elton 1977, p. 360; Haigh 1993, p. 168.
  161. Brigden 2000, p. 195.
  162. Elton 1977, pp. 361, 365.
  163. Elton 1977, pp. 361–362; Haigh 1993, pp. 179–180; Dickens 1967, pp. 318–325, 40–42.
  164. Haigh 1993, p. 178.
  165. Dickens 1967, pp. 340–349.
  166. Brigden 2000, pp. 196–197; Elton 1962, p. 212.
  167. Elton 1962, p. 212.
  168. Elton 1977, p. 365.
  169. Elton 1977, p. 366.
  170. Baumgartner 1988, p. 123.
  171. Loach 1999, pp. 159–162.
  172. Starkey 2001, pp. 111–112.
  173. Starkey 2001, pp. 112–113; Loades 1996, p. 232.
  174. Ives 2009, pp. 142–144.
  175. Ives 2009, p. 321; Loades 1996, pp. 238–239.
  176. "Edward VI: Devise for the Succession—1553"
    http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/edward6devise.htm
  177. Ives 2009, pp. 137, 139–140.
  178. Ives 2009, pp. 137–139; Alford 2002, pp. 172–173; Loades 1996, p. 231.
  179. Loades 1996, p. 240.
  180. Ives 2009, pp. 147, 150.
  181. Ives 2009, pp. 157, 35.
  182. Ives 2009, p. 167.
  183. Jordan 1970, p. 515; Elton 1977, p. 373n16
  184. Loach 1999, p. 163; Jordan 1970, p. 515.
  185. Ives 2009, pp. 145, 314.
  186. Loach 1999, p. 164; Hoak 2004
  187. Ives 2009, pp. 160–161.
  188. Ives 2009, pp. 105, 147; Loades 1996, p. 241.
  189. Ives 2009, p. 160.
  190. Ives 2009, p. 161.
  191. Loach 1999, p. 165.
  192. Loach 1999, p. 166; Loades 1996, pp. 254–255.
  193. Loades 1996, pp. 256–257.
  194. Ives 2009, p. 128.
  195. e.g.: Jordan 1970, pp. 514–517; Loades 1996, pp. 239–241; Starkey 2001, pp. 112–114; MacCulloch 2002, pp. 39–41; Alford
  196. MacCulloch 2002, p. 41.
  197. Starkey 2001, p. 112.
  198. Hoak 2004.
  199. Mackie 1952, p. 524.
  200. Hoak 1980, p. 49.
  201. Skidmore 2007, pp. 244–245.
  202. Loades 1996, p. 238.
  203. Loach 1999, p. 159.
  204. Loach 1999, p. 160; Skidmore 2007, p. 254.
  205. Skidmore 2007, p. 254.
  206. The English Historical Review
    http://www.jstor.org/stable/550011
  207. Skidmore 2007, p. 258; Loach 1999, p. 167. See Foxe's Acts and monuments, VI, 352.
  208. Loach 1999, pp. 167–169.
  209. Westminster Abbey
    https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/royals/edward-vi
  210. Loach 1999, p. 160; Jordan 1970, p. 520n1
  211. Dickens 1967, p. 352.
  212. Skidmore 2007, pp. 258–259.
  213. Skidmore 2007, p. 260.
  214. Loach 1999, p. 161.
  215. Loades 1996, pp. 239–240, 237.
  216. Loades 1996, pp. 257, 258.
  217. Jordan 1970, p. 521.
  218. Erickson 1978, pp. 290–291; Tittler 1991, p. 8.
  219. Jordan 1970, p. 522.
  220. Elton 1977, p. 375; Dickens 1967, p. 353.
  221. Jordan 1970, p. 524; Elton 1977, p. 375.
  222. Erickson 1978, p. 291.
  223. Tittler 1991, p. 10; Erickson 1978, pp. 292–293.
  224. Jordan 1970, pp. 529–530.
  225. Loades 2004, p. 134.
  226. Loades 2004, pp. 134–135.
  227. Tittler 1991, p. 11; Erickson 1978, pp. 357–358.
  228. MacCulloch 2002, pp. 21–25, 107.
  229. MacCulloch 2002, p. 12.
  230. Scarisbrick 1971, pp. 545–547.
  231. MacCulloch 2002, p. 2.
  232. Elton 1962, p. 212; Skidmore 2007, pp. 8–9.
  233. MacCulloch 2002, p. 8.
  234. Elton 1977, pp. 378, 383.
  235. Elton 1962, pp. 216–219.
  236. Haigh 1993, p. 223; Elton 1977, pp. 382–383.
  237. Loach 1999, p. 182; Haigh 1993, p. 175.
  238. Haigh 1993, p. 235.
  239. Haigh 1993, p. 238.
  240. Somerset 1997, p. 101.
  241. Loach 1999, p. 182; MacCulloch 2002, p. 79.
  242. Edward Seymour: Lord Protector: Tudor King in All but Name
    https://books.google.com/books?id=FmNODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT8
  243. "The Tudors (1485–1603) and the Stuarts (1603–1714)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101203132356/http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/stuarts.pdf
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