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1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

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1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Chinese government deployed troops to occupy the square on the night of 3 June in what is referred to as the Tiananmen Square massacre. The events are sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement, the Tiananmen Square Incident, or the Tiananmen uprising. The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in post-Mao China, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation. Although they were highly disorganised and their goals varied, the students called for things like rollback of the removal of iron rice bowl jobs, greater accountability, constitutional due process, democracy, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech. Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare. These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security. At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the square. As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led hunger strike galvanised support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities. On 20 May, the State Council declared martial law, and as many as 300,000 troops were mobilised to Beijing. After several weeks of standoffs and violent confrontations between the army and demonstrators left many on both sides severely injured, a meeting held among the CCP's top leadership on 1 June concluded with a decision to clear the square. The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June and engaged in bloody clashes with demonstrators attempting to block them, in which many people – demonstrators, bystanders, and soldiers – were killed. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded. The event had both short and long term consequences. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China, and various Western media outlets labeled the crackdown a "massacre". In the aftermath of the protests, the Chinese government suppressed other protests around China, carried out mass arrests of protesters which catalysed Operation Yellowbird, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic and foreign affiliated press, and demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests. The government also invested heavily into creating more effective police riot control units. More broadly, the suppression ended the political reforms which began in 1986 as well as the New Enlightenment movement, and halted the policies of liberalisation of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour in 1992. Considered a watershed event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day. The events remain one of the most sensitive and most widely censored topics in China.

Infobox

Date
Initial protests:15 April – 4 June 1989(1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) Massacre: 3–4 June 1989 (1 day); 36 years ago
Location
Beijing, China and 400 cities nationwideTiananmen Square 39°54′12″N 116°23′30″E / 39.90333°N 116.39167°E / 39.90333; 116.39167
Caused by
Death of Hu Yaobang Economic reform Inflation Political corruption Nepotism (especially regarding the children of Zhao Ziyang and Deng Xiaoping) Third wave of democracy
Goals
End of corruptions within the Chinese Communist Party, as well as democratic reforms, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of association, social equality, democratic input on economic reforms
Methods
Hunger strike, sit-in, civil disobedience, occupation, rioting
Resulted in
Government crackdown Heavy casualties observed in urban clashes between rioters and Chinese soldiers in Beijing, especially at Muxidi Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists exiled or imprisoned Rioters charged with violent crimes executed in the following months Zhao Ziyang removed as General Secretary and from the Politburo Jiang Zemin promoted to paramount leader by Deng Xiaoping Imposition of Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on China Initiation of Operation Yellowbird
Death
See Death toll

Tables

Student leaders · Beginning of the 1989 protests › Death of Hu Yaobang
Chai Ling
Chai Ling
Name
Chai Ling
Origin and affiliation
Shandong; Beijing Normal University
Wu'erkaixi (Örkesh)
Wu'erkaixi (Örkesh)
Name
Wu'erkaixi (Örkesh)
Origin and affiliation
Xinjiang; Beijing Normal University
Wang Dan
Wang Dan
Name
Wang Dan
Origin and affiliation
Beijing; Peking University
Feng Congde
Feng Congde
Name
Feng Congde
Origin and affiliation
Sichuan; Peking University
Shen Tong
Shen Tong
Name
Shen Tong
Origin and affiliation
Beijing; Peking University
Wang Youcai
Wang Youcai
Name
Wang Youcai
Origin and affiliation
Zhejiang; Peking University
Li Lu
Li Lu
Name
Li Lu
Origin and affiliation
Hebei; Nanjing University
Zhou Yongjun
Zhou Yongjun
Name
Zhou Yongjun
Origin and affiliation
China University of Political Science and Law
Name
Origin and affiliation
Chai Ling
Shandong; Beijing Normal University
Wu'erkaixi (Örkesh)
Xinjiang; Beijing Normal University
Wang Dan
Beijing; Peking University
Feng Congde
Sichuan; Peking University
Shen Tong
Beijing; Peking University
Wang Youcai
Zhejiang; Peking University
Li Lu
Hebei; Nanjing University
Zhou Yongjun
China University of Political Science and Law

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